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#caliph #khalifa #successor #muslim leader #islamic ruler #amir al-muminin #turban #crescent #sultan

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#emir #islamic ruler #seat of power #of the emir

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#alomgir #alamgir #aurangzeb #mughal india #islamic ruler

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#scimitar #islamic ruler

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#razia sultana #sultan of delhi #medieval india #islamic ruler

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#hajj pilgrimage #gold distribution #journey to mecca #mali empire hajj #islamic ruler